Konsep Iman, Kufur Dalam Perspektif Ilmu Kalam

Abstract

Ilmu Kalam is a discipline in Islam that discusses theological aspects, particularly concerning the concepts of faith (iman) and disbelief (kufr). This issue first emerged in the debates of the Khawarij, who declared major sinners as disbelievers. It later developed into a major discussion among various Islamic theological sects such as Murji'ah, Mu'tazilah, Asy'ariyah, and Maturidiyah. Each sect holds different views on the definitions of faith and disbelief, as well as the role of reason and revelation in understanding belief. Using a literature review method, this study aims to understand the conceptual differences in faith and disbelief from the perspectives of various Islamic theological sects. The study findings indicate that the concept of faith in Islam is broadly divided into two main understandings: faith as affirmation (tasdīq) and faith as action (‘amal). These differing perspectives have implications for the understanding of the status of major sinners and the relationship between reason and revelation in attaining theological truth.